A practical perspective for chromatic orthogonality for implementing in photolithography

Theoretically, it is more challenging to anticipate the conversion and selectivity of a photochemical experiment compared to thermally generated reactivity. This is due to the interaction of light with a photoreactive substrate. Photochemical reactions do not yet receive the same level of broad analytical study. Here, we close this research gap by presenting a methodology for statistically forecasting the time-dependent progression of photoreactions using widely available LEDs. This study uses NiS/ZnO in perovskite (MAPbI3) solar cells as an additive (5 volume %). The effect of monolithic perovskite solar cells (mPSCs) on forecasting the wavelength of LEDs has been carefully investigated using various characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic activity was analyzed by measuring the voltage produced. Various factors like selectivity, stability and sensitivity were also examined. This work provides a new perspective to validate NiS/ZnO photocatalysts for predicting the wavelength of different light sources and to apply in photolithography.

www.nature.com/scientificreports/ utilized in photocatalysis for hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide utilization, and mineralization of organic pollutants 17,18 . According to recent studies, the value of individual semiconductors is limited, and their ineffectiveness at charge separation and greater bandgaps prevent them from effectively removing contaminants 19,20 . Some dopants or metal oxides change semiconductors to boost photocatalytic activity. ZnO and NiS semiconductors have undergone various modifications to enable photocatalysis with a higher quantum efficiency of the photocatalyst. Water splitting, CO 2 utilization, electrocatalysis, and water filtration have been the main applications for NiSbased heterostructures. NiS nanoparticles are employed as a cocatalyst to boost photocatalytic activity by creating an interfacial electric field of nanocomposites. NiS nanoparticles are chosen because they facilitate the efficient charge separation of photogenerated excitons (e−/h+) and produce many reaction sites for photocatalysis [21][22][23] . As a result, we anticipate that the nanocomposite NiS/ZnO will be an outstanding photocatalyst with a restricted charge recombination rate and robust redox capacity for effectively sensing various wavelengths.
We present a method to evaluate this photocatalyst's possible wavelength-dependent selectivity and direct the corresponding experiment's design. NiS/ZnO heterostructure photocatalysts were designed to achieve wavelength prediction at the expense of UV-visible light irradiation. To our knowledge, we first disclose its photocatalytic property, mostly used for chromatic orthogonality and energy harvesting.

Results and discussion
Morphological and structural analysis. XRD (Model No. EMPYREAN) plots for pure perovskite and films with 5% NiS/ZnO addition were obtained to assess the crystallinity of materials. The XRD is shown in Evaluation of photocatalytic measurements. It is difficult to predict wavelength-dependent photochemical reactivity. Here, we resurrect a tried-and-true voltage measurement tool and modify it to map LED wavelengths. This study presents a practical methodology for enhancing charge transport by integrating NiS/ ZnO into perovskite and, as a result, a straightforward modification procedure to create high-performance mPSCs. Herein, an NI source meter was used to measure the voltage generated by the photochemical activity.

Selectivity analysis.
For the selectivity analysis, voltage measurement was carried out using different light sources (UV light-333 nm, 365 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 430 nm, 450 nm, 510 nm and 557 nm). The initial delay of the light source was 30 seconds, and it remained on for two minutes.
A high degree of selectivity can be achieved by controlling the photo-kinetics by tuning the wavelength of employed LEDs between 365 and 557 nm (Fig. 3). It was observed that each wavelength produces unique voltage during analysis which makes the system highly selective and specific. It was also evident from the analysis that NiS/ZnO (Fig. 3b) produces more voltage compared to perovskite alone (Fig. 3a). This study demonstrates Stability analysis. The light source was kept off for 30 seconds for the stability analysis. Afterward, for the next 800 seconds, it was on. Analysis was carried out for the perovskite solar electrode and NiS/ZnO modified electrode. Figure 4 illustrates how NiS/ZnO's photocatalytic activity did not significantly decline over time, indicating the photocatalysts showed high photochemical stability. Studies like these, which concentrate on photostability, aid in identifying appropriate photocatalysts for various applications, just as the stability of photocatalytic processes has been a problem and troubled the industry for a while.

Sensitivity analysis.
To examine the reusability and sensitivity of the nanocomposite-modified solar electrodes, the photocatalytic experiment was carried out by keeping the light source off for two seconds and then on for two seconds and was repeated for 400 s. The result of the recyclability test is displayed in Fig. 5, which indicates that nearly all LEDs apart from 557 nm exhibited excellent durability. In the case of 557 nm LEDs, a slight decrement is observed after 250 seconds.
Voltage enhancement by NiS/ZnO composite. Figure 6 represents the voltage enhancement achieved through modifying perovskite solar cells. In the case of 365, 450 and 557 nm LEDs, voltage enhanced drastically after the perovskite was modified with NiS/ZnO composite. Other LEDs also exhibited an increment in voltage when the electrode was modified.  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Humidity and temperature effect. Smart monitoring, management, and control of interior settings is one potential sensor application area. Using common sources and simultaneous measurement, we performed an optimal matrix of tests under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) circumstances in this study. This work performed a series of tests where temperature and RH change in a perfectly controlled environment. For the analysis, we chose three different LEDs (333 nm, 400 nm and 450 nm, which produced higher voltage). This study evaluated the effect of four relative humidity environments, i.e., 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% RH, at a constant temperature. The analysis observed no change in photocatalytic activity in the four relative humidity environments (Fig. 7a).
To evaluate the effect of temperature on the sensing environment, measurement was carried out at four different temperatures, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C. No statistically significant correlation between temperature and low-cost sensor output was found for any sensor evaluated in the range of 40-100 °C, indicating that this variable is likely not a significant factor in the deterioration of sensor performance in indoor environments. (Fig. 7b).

Conclusion
An effective design for photochemically selective reaction systems was developed in the current research, which is also essential for wavelength prediction in applications like photolithography. NiS/ZnO nanocomposite was prepared using a straightforward hydrothermal process. To enhance the functionality of mPSCs, we clarified the  Preparation of the ZnO. In this process, 2 M of the NaOH is dissolved in 20 ml of distilled water and added dropwise to 0.5 M of zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH 5 CO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O) dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water and stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. The white precipitate was transferred into 100 ml of autoclave and maintained the hydrothermal temperature at 160 °C for 5 hours. The same further procedure was followed for preparing the NiS/ZnO nanocomposite.   Characterisation. Under Cu K radiation, the crystal structures of all the samples were examined using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The morphologies and element analyses were seen using JEM-2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

Measurement of photocatalytic activity.
A photo-assisted voltage measurement utilizing NiS/ZnO mPSC was used to assess the photocatalytic effectiveness of the produced catalysts. The photocatalytic experiment was carried out using UV-light and LEDs having different wavelengths (365, 400,420, 430, 450, 510 and 557 nm) as an irradiation source. Light from these irradiation sources was made to fall on the solar electrode, which is connected to an NI source meter. This instrument measures voltage against time. Selectivity, stability and sensitivity were also measured. For practical application, a sensor was developed using Arduino (Microcontroller), LCD display, Bread board and Jumper wires (Supplementary files).

Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available on the request from the corresponding author.